Thula |108-88-3
Idatha Yendawo Yomkhiqizo:
| Igama Lomkhiqizo | I-Toluene |
| Izakhiwo | uketshezi olukhanyayo olungenambala olunephunga elimnandi elifana ne-benzene |
| I-Melting Point (°C) | -94.9 |
| Indawo yokubilisa(°C) | 110.6 |
| Ukuminyana okuhlobene (Amanzi=1) | 0.87 |
| Ukuminyana komhwamuko okuhlobene (umoya=1) | 3.14 |
| Umfutho womhwamuko ogcwele (kPa) | 3.8(25°C) |
| Ukushisa komlilo (kJ/mol) | -3910.3 |
| Izinga lokushisa elibalulekile (°C) | 318.6 |
| Ingcindezi ebucayi (I-MPa) | 4.11 |
| I-Octanol/i-partition coefficient yamanzi | 2.73 |
| Iphoyinti elikhanyayo (°C) | 4 |
| Izinga lokushisa lokushisa (°C) | 480 |
| Umkhawulo wokuqhuma okuphezulu (%) | 7.1 |
| Umkhawulo wokuqhuma ophansi (%) | 1.1 |
| Ukuncibilika | II-soluble emanzini, ixubene ne-benzene, utshwala, i-ether nezinye izincibilikisi eziningi eziphilayo. |
Izici Zomkhiqizo:
1.I-Oxidised ku-benzoic acid ngama-oxidising agents aqinile njenge-potassium permanganate, i-potassium dichromate ne-nitric acid.I-Benzoic acid iphinde itholakale nge-oxidation ngomoya noma umoya-mpilo phambi kwe-catalyst.I-Benzaldehyde itholakala nge-oxidation ne-manganese dioxide phambi kwe-sulfuric acid ku-40 ° C noma ngaphansi.Ukusabela kokunciphisa okubangelwa i-nickel noma i-platinum kukhiqiza i-methylcyclohexane.I-toluene ihlangana nama-halogen akhe i-o- ne-para-halogenated toluene isebenzisa i-aluminium trichloride noma i-ferric chloride njengama-catalyst.Ngaphansi kokushisa nokukhanya, ihlangana nama-halogen akhe i-benzyl halide.Ukusabela nge-nitric acid kukhiqiza i-o- ne-para-nitrotoluene.Uma i-nitrified nge-acids exutshwe (i-sulphuric acid + nitric acid) i-2,4-dinitrotoluene ingatholakala;i-nitration eqhubekayo ikhiqiza i-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT).I-sulfonation ye-toluene nge-concentrated sulfuric acid noma i-fuming sulfuric acid ikhiqiza i-o- ne-para-methylbenzenesulphonic acid.Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalytic se-aluminium trichloride noma i-boron trifluoride, i-toluene ithola i-alkylation nama-halogenated hydrocarbons, ama-olefin, notshwala ukuze inikeze ingxube ye-alkyl toluene.I-toluene ihlangana ne-formaldehyde ne-hydrochloric acid ekuphenduleni kwe-chloromethylation ukukhiqiza i-o- noma i-para-methylbenzyl chloride.
2.Ukuzinza: Ukuzinza
3.Izinto ezingavunyelwe:Sama-oxidants aqinile, ama-asidi, ama-halogens
4.Ingozi yePolymerization:I-Non-pi-olymerization
Isicelo somkhiqizo:
I-1.Isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-solvent ephilayo kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe emithini yokwenziwa, upende, inhlaka, udayi, iziqhumane kanye nesibulala-zinambuzane.
I-2.Toluene ingasetshenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza ekukhiqizeni i-benzene neminye imikhiqizo eminingi yamakhemikhali.Njengamapende, ama-varnish, ama-lacquers, ama-adhesives kanye nemboni yokukhiqiza inki kanye ne-thinner esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamanzi, izincibilikisi ze-resin;izincibilikisi zamakhemikhali nezokukhiqiza.Kubuye kube yimpahla eluhlaza yokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali.Ingasetshenziswa futhi njengengxenye yokuxuba kuphethiloli ukwandisa i-octane, futhi njenge-solvent yamapende, oyinki kanye ne-nitrocellulose.Ukwengeza, i-toluene inokunyibilika okuhle kakhulu kwezinto eziphilayo, i-solvent ephilayo enezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa.I-toluene kulula ukuyifaka i-chlorine, ikhiqize i-benzene & mdash;i-chloromethane noma i-benzene trichloromethane, izincibilikisi ezinhle embonini;kulula futhi ukwenza i-nitrate, ikhiqize i-p-nitrotoluene noma i-o-nitrotoluene, ziyizinto zokusetshenziswa zamadayi;futhi kulula uku-sulphonate, okukhiqiza i-o-toluenesulphonic acid noma i-p-toluenesulphonic acid, ziyizinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenza odayi noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-saccharine.Umhwamuko we-toluene uhlangana nomoya ukuze wenze izinto eziqhumayo, ngakho ungenza iziqhumane ze-TST.
3.I-ejenti yokuvuza yezingxenye zezitshalo.Isetshenziswa ngobuningi njenge-solvent nanjengesengezo kuphethiloli we-octane ephezulu.
4.Isetshenziswa njenge-reagent yokuhlaziya, njengama-solvents, ama-extraction kanye nama-agent ahlukanisayo, ama-reagents e-chromatographic.Ibuye isetshenziswe njenge-ejenti yokuhlanza, futhi isetshenziselwa udayi, izinongo, i-benzoic acid nokunye ukuhlanganiswa kwe-organic.
I-5.Isetshenziswa ekubunjweni kukaphethiloli we-doped futhi njengento eluhlaza eyinhloko yokukhiqizwa kwe-toluene derivatives, iziqhumane, i-dayi intermediates, izidakamizwa nokunye.
Amanothi Okugcina Umkhiqizo:
1.Gcina endaweni epholile, nengena umoya.
2. Gcina kude nomlilo kanye nomthombo wokushisa.
3.Izinga lokushisa lokugcina akufanele lidlule ku-37°C.
4.Gcina isitsha sivaliwe.
5.Kufanele igcinwe ngokuhlukana nama-oxidising agents, futhi akufanele neze ixutshwe.
6.Sebenzisa izibani ezingaqhumi kanye nezindawo zokungenisa umoya.
7.Vimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini namathuluzi alula ukwenza izinhlansi.
I-8.Indawo yokugcina kufanele ifakwe imishini yokwelapha izimo eziphuthumayo ezivuzayo kanye nezinto zokukhosela ezifanele.
